============================= Software Engineering 软件工程 ============================= 思维导图概览 ------------ - :ref:`fig-Software-Engineering` - :ref:`fig-Software-process-model` - :ref:`fig-software-lifecycle` - :ref:`fig-Reverse-engineering` - :ref:`fig-Performance-Evaluation` - :ref:`fig-DFD` - :ref:`fig-DD` 软件工程概述 ------------ .. _fig-Software-Engineering: .. mermaid:: :caption: 软件工程概述 flowchart LR Engineering(软件工程概述) ==> Concept([基本概念]) Engineering ==> PDCA([软件工程过程 PDCA]) Engineering ==> Activity([四个活动]) Engineering ==> Maturity([软件成熟度模型]) Concept --> Concept1[定义] Concept --> Concept2[软件工程活动] Concept --> Concept3[软件工具分类] PDCA --> Plan[Plan 软件规格说明] PDCA --> Do[Do 软件开发] PDCA --> Check[Check 软件确认] PDCA --> Action[Action 软件演进] Activity --> Activity1[数据设计] Activity --> Activity2[架构/体系结构设计] Activity --> Activity3[人机界面/接口设计] Activity --> Activity4[过程/功能设计] Maturity --> CMM[CMM: 能力成熟度模型] Maturity --> Maturity2[CMMI: 能力成熟度模型集成] CMM --> CMM1[初始级] --> CMM1x[英雄] CMM --> CMM2[可重复级] --> CMM2x[过程准则、可重复] CMM --> CMM3[可定义级] --> CMM3x[文档化、标准化] CMM --> CMM4[已管理级] --> CMM4x[制定度量标准] CMM --> CMM5[优化级] --> CMM5x[持续改进] style Engineering fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px 软件过程模型 ------------ .. _fig-Software-process-model: .. mermaid:: :caption: 软件过程模型 flowchart LR Process(软件过程模型) ==> Traditional([传统模型]) Process ==> Agile([敏捷模型]) Process ==> Other([其他模型]) Traditional --> WaterfallModel[瀑布模型] Traditional --> PrototypingModel[原型化模型] Traditional --> SpiralModel[螺旋模型] Traditional --> VModel[V 模型] Traditional --> WModel[W 模型] Traditional --> HModel[H 模型] WaterfallModel --> WaterfallModel1[风险控制力弱] WaterfallModel --> WaterfallModel2[每阶段文档] WaterfallModel --> WaterfallModel3[适用于需求明确] PrototypingModel --> PrototypingModel1[适用于需求不明确] SpiralModel --> SpiralModel1[强调风险] SpiralModel --> SpiralModel2[适用于庞大复杂高风险系统] VModel --> VModel1[需求分析] <--> VModel1x[验收测试] VModel --> VModel2[概要设计] <--> VModel2x[系统测试] VModel --> VModel3[详细设计] <--> VModel3x[集成测试] VModel --> VModel4[软件编码] <--> VModel4x[单元测试] Agile --> Agile1[核心思想] --> Agile11[以人为本、适应性] Agile --> Agile2[4大价值观] Agile --> Agile3[5大原则] Agile --> Agile4[12个最佳实践] Agile --> Agile5[典型方法] Agile2 --> Agile21[沟通] Agile2 --> Agile22[简单] Agile2 --> Agile23[反馈] Agile2 --> Agile24[勇气] Agile3 --> Agile31[快速反馈] Agile3 --> Agile32[简单性假设] Agile3 --> Agile33[逐步修改] Agile3 --> Agile34[提倡更改] Agile3 --> Agile35[优质工作] Agile5 --> Agile51[极限编程XP] --> Agile511[交流、朴素、反馈、勇气，见4大价值观] Agile5 --> Agile52[水晶系列方法] --> Agile521[以人为本，每个人都独特] Agile5 --> Agile53[并列争球法Scrum] --> Agile531[冲刺 Sprint，商业价值] Agile5 --> Agile54[特性驱动开发方法FDD] --> Agile541[迭代，人、过程、技术] Other --> IncrementalModel[增量模型] --> IncrementalModel1[每次增量版本都可独立发布] Other --> FountainModel[喷泉模型] --> FountainModel1[面向对象] Other --> RUP[RUP 统一过程模型] Other --> Cleanroom[净室软件工程] Other --> CBSE[基于构件的软件工程CBSE] --> CBSE1[快速开发模型，如低代码平台] RUP --> RUP1[9个工作流] RUP --> RUP2[4个阶段] RUP --> RUP3[核心特点] RUP --> RUP4[4+1视图] RUP1 --> RUP11[业务建模] RUP1 --> RUP12[需求] RUP1 --> RUP13[分析与设计] RUP1 --> RUP14[实现] RUP1 --> RUP15[测试] RUP1 --> RUP16[部署] RUP1 --> RUP17[配置与变更管理] RUP1 --> RUP18[项目管理] RUP1 --> RUP19[环境] RUP2 --> RUP21[初始阶段] RUP2 --> RUP22[细化阶段] RUP2 --> RUP23[构造阶段] RUP2 --> RUP24[移交阶段] RUP3 --> RUP31[用例驱动] RUP3 --> RUP32[以体系结构为中心] RUP3 --> RUP33[迭代与增量] RUP4 --> RUP41[用例视图] <--> RUP41x[测试人员、分析人员] RUP4 --> RUP42[逻辑视图] <--> RUP42x[用户] RUP4 --> RUP43[进程视图] <--> RUP43x[系统集成人员] RUP4 --> RUP44[实现试图] <--> RUP44x[开发人员、程序员] RUP4 --> RUP45[部署视图] <--> RUP45x[系统工程师] style Process fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px 软件生命周期 ------------ .. _fig-software-lifecycle: .. mermaid:: :caption: 软件生命周期 flowchart LR lifecycle(软件生命周期) ==> define([软件定义时期]) lifecycle ==> devel([软件开发时期]) lifecycle ==> run([软件运行维护时期]) define --> define1[可行性研究] define --> ReqsEngineering[需求工程] ReqsEngineering --> ReqsClassification[需求分类] ReqsEngineering --> ReqsGathering[需求获取] ReqsEngineering --> ReqsAnalysis[需求分析] ReqsEngineering --> ReqsDefinition[需求定义] ReqsEngineering --> ReqsVerification[需求验证/需求确认] ReqsEngineering --> ReqsManage[需求管理] ReqsClassification --> ReqsClassification1[业务需求] ReqsClassification --> ReqsClassification2[用户需求] ReqsClassification --> ReqsClassification3[系统需求] ReqsGathering --> ReqsGathering1[用户访谈] <--> ReqsGathering11[结构化、非结构化] ReqsGathering --> ReqsGathering2[问卷调查] <--> ReqsGathering21[杂乱] ReqsGathering --> ReqsGathering3[水平采样] <--> ReqsGathering31[数理统计] ReqsGathering --> ReqsGathering4[情节串联版] <--> ReqsGathering41[生动演示，耗时] ReqsGathering --> ReqsGathering5[联合需求计划 JRP] <--> ReqsGathering51[开会] ReqsGathering --> ReqsGathering6[需求记录技术] ReqsAnalysis --> ReqsAnalysis1[目的] ReqsAnalysis --> ReqsAnalysis2[步骤] ReqsAnalysis --> ReqsAnalysisMethod[方法] ReqsAnalysisMethod --> StructuredMethod[结构化方法] ReqsAnalysisMethod --> ReqsAnalysisMethod2[面向对象分析方法] StructuredMethod --> StructuredMethod1[特点] StructuredMethod --> StructuredMethod2[三大模型] StructuredMethod --> StructuredMethod3[数据流图DFD] StructuredMethod1 --> StructuredMethod11[自顶向下] StructuredMethod1 --> StructuredMethod12[逐步分解] StructuredMethod1 --> StructuredMethod13[面向数据] StructuredMethod2 --> StructuredMethod21[功能模型] <--> StructuredMethod21x[数据流图 DFD] StructuredMethod2 --> StructuredMethod22[行为模型] <--> StructuredMethod22x[状态转换图 STD] StructuredMethod2 --> StructuredMethod23[数据模型] <--> StructuredMethod23x[E-R 图] StructuredMethod2 --> StructuredMethod24[数据字典 DD] ReqsDefinition --> SRS[软件需求规格说明书 SRS] ReqsDefinition --> ReqsDefinitionMethod[需求定义方法] ReqsDefinitionMethod --> ReqsDefinitionMethod1[严格定义、预先定义，结构化定义] ReqsDefinitionMethod --> ReqsDefinitionMethod2[原型方法] ReqsVerification --> ReqsVerificationProcedure[步骤] ReqsVerificationProcedure --> ReqsVerificationProcedure1[需求评审] ReqsVerificationProcedure --> ReqsVerificationProcedure2[需求测试] ReqsManage --> ReqsManage1[变更控制] ReqsManage --> ReqsManage2[版本控制] ReqsManage --> ReqsManage3[需求跟踪] ReqsManage --> ReqsManage4[需求状态跟踪] devel --> BusinessProcessDesign[业务流程设计] devel --> devel2[系统设计] devel --> devel3[编码] devel --> devel4[调试] devel --> devel5[测试] BusinessProcessDesign --> BusinessProcessDesignDiagram[业务流程设计图] BusinessProcessDesign --> BusinessProcessDesignTypes[业务流程设计分类] BusinessProcessDesignDiagram --> PFD[PFD 程序流程图] --> PFD1[顺序、选择、循环结构] BusinessProcessDesignDiagram --> IPO[IPO 输入、处理、输出] --> IPO1[典型：DFD数据流图] BusinessProcessDesignDiagram --> N-S[N-S 图] --> N-S1[不适合复杂情况] BusinessProcessDesignDiagram --> PAD[PAD 问题分析图] --> PAD1[结构化] BusinessProcessDesignTypes --> BPM[BPM 业务流程管理] BusinessProcessDesignTypes --> BPR[BPR 业务流程重组] devel2 --> devel21[系统设计目的] devel2 --> devel22[系统设计方法] devel2 --> devel23[系统设计内容] devel2 --> devel24[系统设计原则] devel2 --> devel25[衡量模块独立性的标准] devel2 --> devel26[人机设计三大黄金原则] devel25 --> devel251[内聚] devel25 --> devel252[耦合] devel5 --> devel51[测试原则] devel5 --> devel52[测试方法] devel5 --> devel53[测试阶段] run --> run1[遗留系统] run --> run2[系统转换] run --> run3[评价指标] run --> run4[维护类型] style lifecycle fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px style define fill:#bbf,stroke:#333 style devel fill:#bbf,stroke:#333 style run fill:#bbf,stroke:#333 数据流图 DFD ------------ .. _fig-DFD: .. mermaid:: :caption: 数据流图 DFD flowchart LR DFD(数据流图) ==> DataFlow([数据流]) <--> DD-DataFlow[数据字典DD：数据流] DFD ==> DataStore([数据存储]) <--> DD-DataStore[数据字典DD：数据存储] DFD ==> Process([加工]) <--> DD-ProcessLogic[数据字典DD：加工逻辑] DFD ==> Entity([外部实体]) <--> DD-Entity[数据字典DD：外部实体] 数据字典 DD ----------- .. _fig-DD: .. mermaid:: :caption: 数据字典 DD flowchart LR DD(数据字典) ==> DataElement([数据元素]) DD ==> DataStructure([数据结构]) DD ==> DataFlow([数据流]) <--> DFD-DataFlow[DFD:数据流] DD ==> DataStore([数据存储]) <--> DFD-DataStore[DFD:数据存储] DD ==> ProcessLogic([加工逻辑]) <--> DFD-Process[DFD:加工] DD ==> Entity([外部实体]) <--> DFD-Entity[DFD:外部实体] 逆向工程 -------- .. _fig-Reverse-engineering: .. mermaid:: :caption: 逆向工程 flowchart LR Reverse(逆向工程) ==> Levels([四个级别]) Reverse ==> Other([其他概念]) Levels --> Levels1[实现级] Levels --> Levels2[结构级] Levels --> Levels3[功能级] Levels --> Levels4[领域级] Other --> Other1[软件复用] Other --> Other2[重构] Other --> Other3[设计恢复] Other --> Other4[再工程] style Reverse fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px 性能评价 -------- .. _fig-Performance-Evaluation: .. mermaid:: :caption: 性能评价 flowchart LR Perf(性能评价) ==> Indicator([性能指标]) Perf ==> Method([性能评价方法]) Perf ==> Amdahl([阿姆达尔定律]) style Perf fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px