Database 数据库
思维导图概览
数据库设计
flowchart LR
DB(数据库设计概述) ==> Concept([数据库系统概念])
DB ==> Model([数据模型])
DB ==> RelationalAlgebra([关系代数])
DB ==> SQL([SQL])
DB ==> Norm([规范化])
DB ==> Control([数据库的控制])
DB ==> Other([其他知识])
Concept --> Concept1[数据库系统概述]
Concept --> Concept2[三级模型两级映射]
Concept --> Design[数据库设计]
Concept1 --> DBS[数据库系统 DBS]
Concept1 --> DBMS[数据库管理系统 DBMS]
Concept2 --> ExternalLevel[外模式]
Concept2 --> Image1([外模式/概念模式映像])
Concept2 --> ConceptualLevel[概念模式]
Concept2 --> Image2([概念模式/内模式映像])
Concept2 --> InternalLevel[内模式]
ExternalLevel --> ExternalLevel1[面向应用程序: View]
ConceptualLevel --> ConceptualLevel1[面向数据库设计人员: 逻辑结构]
InternalLevel --> InternalLevel1[磁盘存储]
Design --> Design1[需求分析] --> Design11[数据流图，数据字典，需求说明书]
Design --> Design2[概念结构设计] --> Design21[E-R 图]
Design --> Design3[逻辑结构设计] --> Design31[关系模式]
Design --> Design4[物理设计]
Design --> Design5[数据库实施阶段]
Design --> Design6[数据库运行和维护阶段]
Model --> ER[E-R 模型]
Model --> Model2[关系模型]
Model --> ModelElement[模型三要素]
ER --> ER1[实体]
ER --> ER2[属性]
ER --> ER3[联系]
ER1 --> ER11[强实体，弱实体]
ER3 --> ER31[1对1，1对多，多对1]
ModelElement --> ModelElement1[数据结构]
ModelElement --> ModelElement2[数据操作]
ModelElement --> ModelElement3[数据的约束条件]
RelationalAlgebra --> RelationalAlgebra1[集合运算符]
RelationalAlgebra --> RelationalAlgebra2[关系运算符]
RelationalAlgebra --> RelationalAlgebra3[比较运算符]
RelationalAlgebra --> RelationalAlgebra4[逻辑运算符]
RelationalAlgebra1 --> RelationalAlgebra11[并，交∩，差，笛卡尔积]
RelationalAlgebra2 --> RelationalAlgebra21[选择，投影，连接，除]
RelationalAlgebra3 --> RelationalAlgebra31[大于，小于，...]
RelationalAlgebra4 --> RelationalAlgebra41[与，或，非]
SQL --> DDL[数据定义语言 DDL]
SQL --> DML[数据操作语言 DML]
SQL --> DQL[数据查询语言 DQL]
SQL --> TCL[事物控制语言 TCL]
SQL --> DCL[数据控制语言 DCL]
Norm --> FunctionDependency[函数依赖]
Norm --> KeysConstraints[键与约束]
Norm --> NormalForms[范式]
Norm --> ModeDecomposition[模式分解]
Norm --> Denormalization[反规范化]
Norm --> NonNormalizationProblems[不规范化带来的问题]
FunctionDependency --> FunctionDependency1[部分函数依赖]
FunctionDependency --> FunctionDependency2[传递函数依赖]
FunctionDependency --> Armstrong([阿姆斯特朗公理])
NormalForms --> 1NF[第一范式 1NF] --> 1NFx[属性不可分割]
NormalForms --> 2NF[第一范式 2NF] --> 2NFx[不能存在联合主键]
NormalForms --> 3NF[第一范式 3NF] --> 3NFx[不能存在传递依赖]
NormalForms --> BCNF[BC范式 BCNF] --> BCNFx[3NF+避免数据冗余和不一致性]
ModeDecomposition --> MD1[是否保持函数依赖]
ModeDecomposition --> MD2[有损无损分解] --> MD2x[无损的充要条件: R1∩R1 -> R1-R2]
Denormalization --> DNx([牺牲部分规范化提高性能])
Denormalization --> DN1[增加冗余列]
Denormalization --> DN2[增加派生列]
Denormalization --> DN3[重新组表]
Denormalization --> DN4[水平分割表]
Denormalization --> DN5[垂直分割表]
NonNormalizationProblems --> NNP1[数据冗余]
NonNormalizationProblems --> NNP2[修改异常]
NonNormalizationProblems --> NNP3[插入异常]
NonNormalizationProblems --> NNP4[删除异常]
Armstrong --> Armstrong1[自反律]
Armstrong --> Armstrong2[增广律]
Armstrong --> Armstrong3[传递律]
Armstrong --> Armstrong4[合并律]
Armstrong --> Armstrong5[分解律]
Armstrong --> Armstrong6[合成律]
KeysConstraints --> Keys[键]
Keys --> Key1[超键] --> Key11[唯一标识一条记录的属性/属性集]
Keys --> Key2[候选键] --> Key21[无冗余属性的超键]
Keys --> Key3[主属性] --> Key31[候选键中的属性]
Keys --> Key4[主键] --> Key41[候选键中的一个属性/属性集]
Keys --> Key5[外键] --> Key51[建立表之间的关系]
Control --> Transaction[事物] --> ACID[ACID]
Control --> Concurrency[并发控制]
Control --> Blockade[封锁协议]
Concurrency --> ConcurrencyProblem[三种安全问题]
ConcurrencyProblem --> ConcurrencyProblem1[丢失更新]
ConcurrencyProblem --> ConcurrencyProblem2[不可重复读]
ConcurrencyProblem --> ConcurrencyProblem3[读脏数据]
Blockade --> LockX([X锁是排他锁/写锁🔓])
Blockade --> LockS([S锁是共享锁/读锁🔓])
Blockade --> 1Blockade[一级封锁协议] --> 1Bx[修改前必须加X写锁]
Blockade --> 2Blockade[二级封锁协议] --> 2Bx[一级封锁协议 + 读之前必须加S读锁]
Blockade --> 3Blockade[三级封锁协议] --> 3Bx[一级封锁协议 + 事物T在读前加S读锁]
Other --> App[应用程序与数据库的交互]
Other --> NoSQL[NoSQL 数据库]
App --> App1[库函数级别访问接口]
App --> App2[嵌入 SQL 访问接口]
App --> App3[通用数据接口标准]
App --> App4[ORM 访问接口]
NoSQL --> NoSQL1[列式存储数据库]
NoSQL --> NoSQL2[键值对存储数据库]
NoSQL --> NoSQL3[文档型数据库]
NoSQL --> NoSQL4[图数据库]
数据库设计
ACID
flowchart LR
ACID(ACID) ==> Atomicity([Atomicity 操作原子性])
ACID ==> Consistency([Consistency 数据一致性])
ACID ==> Isolation([Isolation 执行隔离性])
ACID ==> Durability([Durability 改变持续性])
style ACID fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
ACID
CAP 原则
flowchart LR
CAP(CAP 原则) ==> Consistency([Consistency 一致性])
CAP ==> Availavility([Availavility 可用性])
CAP ==> Partition([Partition Tolerance 分区容错性])
style CAP fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
CAP 原则
BASE 理论
flowchart LR
BASE(BASE 理论) ==> BA([Basically Available 基本可用])
BASE ==> S([Soft state 软状态])
BASE ==> E([Eventually consistent 最终一致性])
style BASE fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
BASE 理论